1．时态语态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，将 来进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，过去将来时，过去将来进行时，过去将来完成时，过去将来完成进行时主动，被动
A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes, _______ from the sort of candles used only in churches. (1999. 6)
A) had come B) coming C) come D) that came
2．虚拟语气
1）基本形式：与现在实际情况相虚拟(did/were...would/should do)，与过去实际情况虚拟(had done...would/should have done)，与将来实际情况虚拟(were to do...would/should do)，与将来实际情况可能相反(should do...would/should do)
2）特殊句型：
(1) Had the doctor been available, the child would have been saved.
(2) if only, suppose: If only I could afford such a big house.
Suppose you were a millionaire, how would you spend the
money?
(3) It is (about, high) time sb. did sth.
(4) without, but for, but that, or, otherwise:
Without air and water, no human being could survive on the earth.
But for your timely help, we couldn’t have finished the job on time.
She was seriously ill last night, otherwise she would have attended the party.
(5) 错综时间条件句：
If I were you, I wouldn’t have left school so early.
Had you listened to your parents ten years ago, you would be a successful
scientist now.
(6) 需要用虚拟的动词：
suggest, propose, insist, prefer, order, command, advise, desire, recommend, require, intend, decide, request, deserve, demand, determine, arrange, beg, ask, pray, urge, move, instruct, stipulate, maintain,
(7) 需要用虚拟的名词
idea, importance, insistence, motion, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, suggestion, necessity, desire, motion, requirement, resolution, demand, stipulation, advice, preference, wish
(8) 需要用虚拟的形容词
advisable, anxious, appropriate, better, desirable, eager, essential, imperative, important, insistent, keen, natural, necessary, possible, preferable, proper, urgent, vital, absurd, best, content, unfair, odd, pleasant, right, strange, crucial, surprising
(9) wish
She wishes that she were a teacher.
I wish I could take a walk on the moon.
(10) would(had) rather, would sooner, would just as soon
I’d rather you stayed with us tonight.
I would just as soon they had done the job ahead of time.
(11)as if, as though
She talks as if she were a doctor. (It seems as if it’s going to rain.)
(12)in case, lest, for fear that
She took an umbrella in case it should rain.
Remember to leave earlier lest you should miss the train.
Who would you rather __________ with you, George or me? (2002. 6)
A) going B) to go C) have gone D) went
It is important that the hotel receptionist __________ that guests are registered correctly (2001. 1)
A) has made sure B) made sure C) must make sure D) make sure